文：卞彰欽（LH韓國土地與住宅公社社長）
韓國政府發展出一套「住居階梯模式（Housing Ladder Model）」，透過住居福利整合模式，協助社會弱勢族群並鼓勵不同社經背景的人群共居。
目標在於提升國家的包容性，韓國政府發展出一套「住居階梯模式（Housing Ladder Model）」，透過住居福利整合模式，協助社會弱勢族群並鼓勵不同社經背景的人群共居。韓國政府致力於針對特定社會背景與收入族群，如青年、新婚、銀髮與低收入家戶，提供一百零五萬套住宅。到了2022年，我們期待韓國的整體公共出租住宅數量會到達兩百萬套。
負責執行中央政府可負擔住居方案的LH韓國土地與住宅公社，自一九九〇年代起的三十年中，已經供應管理將近一百萬套公租宅。韓國的公租宅扮演了社會安全網的功能，降低租金負擔，也降低市場進入門檻。公租宅同時也扮演了穩定住宅市場、協助朝擁屋目標前進的角色。除了追求質量之外，LH韓國土地與住宅公社近期也開始專注提升住居服務。這是因為僅僅提供公屋硬體設備並不足以回應一些複雜問題，例如與身心障礙、失業與老年相關的經濟困難，雙薪家庭的托育，或無法獲得家庭支持的單身家戶（例如獨居老人）。最基本層面上，LH韓國土地與住宅公社的服務以公租宅住戶為對象，但我們也正試圖與地方政府、非營利組織、地方運動者及社會企業合作，擴大並多元化受益群體。更上一層，LH韓國土地與住宅公社期望能為每個人提供住居相關服務。「我家中心」於2015年成立以來，這項全國性計畫提供所有人住居相關福利的服務，至2019年7月為止，已經成立五十六間中心。中央政府已經委託LH韓國土地與住宅公社經營「我家中心」。
本報告分成五個部分。第一部分一覽2000年以降韓國住居現況，這段時間住居福利政策熱切展開，並點出主要議題。第二部分介紹針對中低收入族群的各類住居福利支持機制，並檢視LH韓國土地與住宅公社作為公共法人的角色。第三部分則檢視韓國公租宅在可負擔住宅方案中的歷史表現。第四部分點出主要成就。從受益者角度來看，成就包含提升住宅環境、減低租金負擔、穩定的長期住居；從政府的觀點，則是穩定整體住宅市場，也提升市民取得住居的機會。同時，透過支持「住居升級服務」，以及經營線上線下的「我家中心」（協助提升所有公民的住居經驗），LH韓國土地與住宅公社進而實現共同的社會價值。最終部分將討論韓國政府未來方向，以及在創造更包容城市及提升住居福祉上，LH韓國土地與住宅公社的角色。
Affordable Housing for Inclusive Cities：Korean Cases delivered by LH
Byeon, Chang-Heum, CEO, Korea Land and Housing Corporation
With the goal of making the nation more inclusive to all, the Korean government has developed a “Housing Ladder Model,” an integrated housing welfare model that assists the socially vulnerable and encourages people of various socioeconomic backgrounds to live alongside one another. The Korean government is striving to supply 1.05 million public housing units targeting such social and income brackets as young adults, newlyweds, elderly, and low-income households. By 2022, we expect that the total number of public rental housing supplied in Korea will reach 2 million units.
Korea Land and Housing Corporation (LH), mandated to execute the central government’s affordable housing program, has been the operator in charge of supplying and managing approximately one million units of public rentals for three decades since the 1990s. Korea’s public rental housing program fulfills the functions of a social safety net, lowering rent burden and lowering the market entry threshold; it also serves the role of stabilizing the housing market and facilitating access to homeownership. In addition to pursuing growth in quantity and quality, LH has recently begun to focus on improving housing services. That is because providing only the physical hardware of public housing is not sufficient for such complex problems as economic difficulties associated with disability, job loss, and aging; childcare in double-income households; or single-member households without access to family support (e.g. seniors who live alone). At the most basic level, LH housing services target the tenants of public rental houses, although we are trying to expand and diversify the beneficiary group by working with local governments, non-profits, local activists, and social enterprises. At the secondary level, LH seeks to provide housing-related support to everyone. Since the founding of the “My Home Center,” a national program for providing housing-related welfare services to all, in 2015, 56 centers are operating nationwide as of July 2019 and the central government commissioned LH to operate the “My Home Centers.”
The presentation has five parts. First, it paints an overview of Korean housing welfare since the 2000s when the housing welfare policy started in earnest and highlights the main issues. The second part introduces various housing welfare support mechanisms targeting low-and middle-income groups and looks at the role of LH as a public corporation. The third part looks at the track record and performances of Korea’s public rental housing programs in terms of providing affordable housing. The fourth part highlights major achievements. Achievements from the beneficiaries’ standpoint include improved housing situations, lighter rent burden, long-term housing stability; from the government’s standpoint, achievements include stabilization of the overall housing market and improved housing access for citizens. Meanwhile, LH also works to fulfill common social values by supporting the “Housing Plus Service” and operating online and offline “My Home Centers, which help enhance housing-related experiences for all citizens. The final part deals with the future directions of the Korean government and the role of LH in making cities more inclusive and enhancing housing welfare.
OURs都市改革組織 